Persistent bad breath may indicate a problem with the teeth or gums, or another health condition. Toothpaste or mouthwash alone will not be enough to mask it if the underlying cause remains undiagnosed and untreated. Possible causes include a build-up of bacteria on the tongue and between the teeth, as well as gum inflammation and dry mouth, a condition that encourages the growth of odour-causing bacteria.
Tonsillitis and reflux may cause bad breath
Bad breath may also be linked to other health conditions, including tonsillitis and acid reflux. The UK's National Health Service recommends seeing a dentist if it persists for several weeks despite following home-care measures, particularly when accompanied by bleeding or swollen gums, or tooth pain.
Care begins with gently brushing the teeth and gums twice a day, for two minutes each time, using fluoride toothpaste. The spaces between the teeth should also be cleaned once a day with floss or interdental brushes, and the tongue gently cleaned once a day to reduce the build-up of bacteria. Measures also include cleaning and caring for dentures and removing them while sleeping.
Sugar-free chewing gum may help, while avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can reduce factors that contribute to bad breath. Temporarily masking the odour with mouthwash does not mean its source has been treated, as treating tooth decay or gum inflammation, or a medical assessment for another cause, may be necessary.
Seeing a dentist remains the first step when the problem persists, rather than using antibiotics or undergoing surgical procedures without a diagnosis.
